Working with sources and references

The contents of a scholarly text are based on knowledge acquired from various sources, such as books, research articles and other texts that may be part of your course. Such sources are a starting point for your writing, and support your line of reasoning. Using sources also shows that you are aware of previous research performed within your field of study. It is important that you are able to manage references correctly in the body of your text, and in your list of references, so the reader can see where your knowledge comes from.

Writing with references

References are an essential component of any academic text. They appear both in the body of the text, and in a reference list, and are presented according to a specific reference system. There are three main reference systems: parentheses systems, footnote systems and number systems. Within these three systems are various styles, such as Harvard, Oxford and Vancouver. The reference system you use will depend on your field of study. If you are unsure which system or style you are meant to use, ask your teacher.

There are different ways of providing references in a text, depending on whether the focus lies on the information of a source, or if you wish to particularly highlight the author(s) of a source. When reasoning with the support of sources, you can refer to a source at the end of your sentence, placing your own voice more clearly in focus in your writing. With the parenthesis system, the result may look something like this:

Writing involves many challenges (Andersson, 2018).

If you wish to highlight the author of a source, you can state their name in the running text. This can be done in different ways. With the parenthesis system, the result may look something like the examples below:

According to Andersson (2018) writing involves many challenges.
Andersson (2018) discusses the many challenges of writing.

Summarise and relate

Working with sources and references refers to using and relating things you have learned from the texts of other people, often by summarising and rephrasing the things you learn into your own words. Before you start writing a summary, you must have read the source text closely enough to understand what the author wants to say. Try to formulate the main idea of the paragraph or chapter you have read. One way of doing this is to use core concepts and keywords that the author uses frequently in their text.

It is important to consider the purpose of writing a summary, since this determines what you will choose to include. The purpose might be to indicate previous research within the field, or to reinforce one of your own claims.

You can signal various things to the reader by choosing what verb you use when referring to a source. Using a specific verb can emphasise the fact that you are using a source, while at the same time indicating your stance in relation to this source in your text.

Below are a few examples of verbs that indicate a reference, with different approaches:

• means, writes, signal that you are neutral
• holds, claims, signal that you disagree
• shows, indicates, signal that you agree

Your choice of verb is also a way of showing what happens in the source, and what it is you wish to highlight. Is it a discussion by the author, or a particular point that you wish to stress? In this case, you can use a phrase to signal just that, along with making your wording as clear and precise as possible.

Andersson discusses how …
Andersson makes the point …
Andersson problematises …

When summarising ideas, you will also have to cite the reference, with the name and year, regardless of which reference system you are using. With the parenthesis system, the result may be something like this:

Andersson discusses how … (Andersson, 2018).
In Andersson (2018) it is discussed how …

Citing

A quotation is a portion of a text which you are citing – repeating it in-text word-for-word. A frequent recommendation is to avoid using too many, or too long, quotations. However, they can be useful, for example when you wish to define a certain concept, or discuss a particular claim. Another reason to quote other texts is that the source text is so well written that its effect would be entirely lost if you were to rephrase and summarise it in your own words.

Be mindful that any quotation you use should add something to the reasoning in your text, and that it must not be used without further comment. You must explain to the reader what you wish to express with the quotation, and you can use phrases like the following:

This quotation is an example of …
This quotation shows …
The quotation indicates how …

Quotations can be used in the text in three ways: as a run-in quotation, a standalone quotation, or a block quotation. When you wish to cite just a few words, or no more than two or three lines of text, the quotation can be worked into your text surrounded by quotation marks (“…”). Below is one example of a quotation worked into a text:

Andersson means that writing involves “many challenges” (2015, p. 55).

A standalone quotation can be used in the text in this way:

Andersson (2015, p. 55) says: “Writing involves many challenges.”

If the quotation you want to use is more than three lines long, block quotations are recommended instead. A block quotation is a stand-alone paragraph that you separate from the rest of the text by indenting the left margin, and sometimes the right margin too. Often, the line spacing and font size are reduced to further emphasise that it is a quotation. For block quotations, no quotation marks are used.

All quotations should be followed by a reference to the source, along with a page reference.

Quoting verbatim means that you cannot change anything in the text you are quoting, not even spelling mistakes. One way to show that the error is found in the text you are quoting is to write [sic] after the word that includes an error. It might look like this:

Andersson (2015, p. 55) says: “Writign [sic] involves many challenges.”

Compiling a list of references

All sources used and referred to should also be presented in a reference list (sometimes known as a bibliography) at the end of your document. The format of the bibliography depends on what reference system and style you use.

Reference styles

• APA: a quick guide from the Faculty of Education (only available in Swedish)
• Chicago
• Harvard (only available in Swedish)
• MLA Modern Language Association
• Oxford
• Vancouver

Contact the University Library if you have questions about information searching and reference management.